Comportamento da população em relação aos cuidados com os alimentos durante a pandemia da COVID-19 / Population behavior in relation to food care during the COVID-19 pandemic

Este estudo analisou o conhecimento e comportamento em relação aos cuidados e higiene alimentar antes e durante a pandemia da COVID-19 no Brasil. Os participantes foram recrutados pelas redes sociais para responder um questionário sobre aspectos sociodemográficos, conhecimento sobre coronavírus, isolamento social e recebimento de informações sobre higienização de alimentos e suas embalagens. Participaram da pesquisa 1.061 indivíduos, sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (87%), com até 35 anos (69,9%); 82,8% tinham ou estavam a concluir o ensino superior; e a renda mensal de 63,2% era de até 6 salários mínimos. Sobre a higiene de frutas e hortaliças, 56,59% dos participantes passaram a usar água e sabão durante a pandemia. Quanto a limpeza das embalagens dos alimentos recebidos por delivery, 71,85% dos participantes passaram a limpar as embalagens durante a pandemia. De forma geral, pode-se observar modificações significativas nos cuidados com os alimentos durante a pandemia da COVID-19.

This study during knowledge and behavior in food care and hygiene before and that of COVID-19 in Brazil. Participants were recruited through social networks for respondents on the sociodemographic aspects of the population's knowledge about coronavirus, social isolation and receiving information on hygiene of food and its packaging. A total of 1,061 participated in the survey, the majority being female (87%), aged up to 35 years (69.9%); 8.8% had or 2.8% had higher education; and 63.6% monthly income was up to 6% monthly. Regarding the hygiene of fruits and vegetables, 56.59% of the participants chose soap and water during the. As for cleaning packages received by delivery, 71% of patients choose to clean packages during the pandemic. In general, the pandemic can be considered in the care with food of COVID-19.

Asymptomatic Neurosyphilis in HIV infected patients at a Brazilian HIV and AIDS specialized service: a cross sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Many human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and syphilis co-infected patients are not diagnosed, which may evolve into asymptomatic neurosyphilis (ANS). We studied the occurrence of ANS an HIV-infected population. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples collected from patients co-infected with HIV and Treponema pallidum. Social-demographic and clinical-laboratory characteristics were studied. RESULTS: Of the 348 patients infected with HIV, 33 (9.5%) had reagent treponemic and non-treponemic tests. CSF was collected from 19 asymptomatic patients. Of these, 8 (42.1%) presented with laboratory alterations suggestive of ANS. CONCLUSION: Social-demographic and clinical-laboratory variables should be considered for the indication of CSF collection.

Genetic characterization of Chikungunya virus circulating in individuals from Paraná, Brazil.

Phylogenetic analysis carried out in several Brazilian regions shows the circulation of the Asian and East-Central South African (ECSA) Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) genotypes in the country. Until now, there are no genetic studies about CHIKV strains circulating in the South region. In this study, we sequenced 5 new partial sequences of the CHIKV Envelope 1 gene from strains detected in Paraná state during the years 2016-2017. Maximum likelihood and neighbor-joining trees grouped all sequences in Brazilian branches within ECSA genotype and comparative analysis did not show E1-A226V mutation. However, we identified E1-K211T amino acid substitution in a sample demonstrating the dispersion of mutant strains in the country.

The ancient Tuberculosis in the novel COVID-19 scenario

Abstract Recently, the world has coped with the challenge of the novel SARS-CoV-2 rapid spreading, causing COVID-19. This scenario has overburdened health systems, forced social isolation, and interrupted some services, changing the way how health assistance is provided. The management of chronic infectious diseases such as tuberculosis is a sensitive matter in times when the control strategies are at risk. In this sense, how could a high burden disease such as tuberculosis affect or be affected when combined with the COVID-19 pandemic? Patients with tuberculosis have a social background and lung impairment that represent risks in the pandemic scenario of another widely transmitted respiratory disease. Thus, even with several questions remaining unanswered, research and public policies should be addressed to control the effects of the current highly contagious COVID-19 without forgetting how it will affect the natural progression of patients suffering from tuberculosis.

Asymptomatic Neurosyphilis in HIV infected patients at a Brazilian HIV and AIDS specialized service: a cross sectional study

ABSTRACT Background: Many human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and syphilis co-infected patients are not diagnosed, which may evolve into asymptomatic neurosyphilis (ANS). We studied the occurrence of ANS an HIV-infected population. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples collected from patients co-infected with HIV and Treponema pallidum. Social-demographic and clinical-laboratory characteristics were studied. Results: Of the 348 patients infected with HIV, 33 (9.5%) had reagent treponemic and non-treponemic tests. CSF was collected from 19 asymptomatic patients. Of these, 8 (42.1%) presented with laboratory alterations suggestive of ANS. Conclusion: Social-demographic and clinical-laboratory variables should be considered for the indication of CSF collection.

Effervescent Glutamine Formulation Improves the Beneficial Effects of Antiretroviral Therapies on Immune Function in HIV/AIDS Carrier Patients.

The impact of oral supplementation with an effervescent glutamine formulation on the beneficial effects of antiretroviral therapies was evaluated in people living with HIV/AIDS. For this purpose, 12 HIV/AIDS carrier patients with CD4+ T cell counts <500, and who had received the same antiretroviral therapy for at least 1 year before starting this investigation were selected. The patients were required to dissolve the effervescent glutamine formulation (supplied in sachets) in water immediately before oral ingestion (12.4 g), once a day, after lunch or after dinner during 30 days. CD4+ T cell counts, complete blood cell counts, serum cytokines, and amino acids levels were quantified; biochemical and toxicological measurements were performed. The numbers of CD4+ T cells were increased (P < .05), and the serum C-reactive protein levels decreased (P < .01) after the administration of effervescent glutamine formulation. Serum levels of interferon-gamma inducible protein-10, RANTES, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1ß were decreased after the treatment with effervescent glutamine formulation. No changes were observed in the serum levels of amino acids, hematological, toxicological, and biochemical parameters. In conclusion, the treatment during 30 days with effervescent glutamine formulation was well tolerated, promoted reduction of inflammation, and improved the beneficial effects of antiretroviral therapies in HIV/AIDS carrier patients.

PROFILE OF HCV GENOTYPES AND HIV-SUBTYPES AMONG HIV-COINFECTED PATIENTS IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B and C virus (HBV and HCV) are the two most common infections among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. OBJECTIVE: To identify the frequency of HIV subtypes and HCV genotypes in HIV-coinfected patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional and retrospective study was carried out into two reference centers in Southern Brazil between January 1, 2002 and June 30, 2016. The Abbott Real Time HCV Genotype II system was used for routine diagnostics to determine the HCV genotype based on dual-target real-time PCR. Proviral HIV-1 RNA was extracted from serum samples and fragments of the pol gene were generated by PCR. The HIV-1 PT and RT gene sequences were submitted to Maximum Likelihood Phylogenetic analysis by collecting reference sequences from the HIV-1 group M subtype of the Los Alamos database. RESULTS: During the study period, 3340 patients with HIV were diagnosed at both referral centers, of which 4.97% (166/3340) had HBV and/or HCV coinfection. Seroprevalence of HIV-HBV, HIV-HCV and HIV-HBV-HCV was 37.4%, 58.4%, and 4.2%, respectively. HIV-HCV-coinfected patients had a lower median nadir CD4+ T-cell count when compared to HIV-HBV-coinfected patients (P=0.01). Among those coinfected with HCV, HCV-1 (HCV-1) and HCV-3 (HCV-3) genotypes were the most prevalent, being detected in 73.8% and 21.4%, respectively. Among the HCV-1 coinfected patients, 79.3% and 20.1% had subtypes 1a and 1b, respectively. HIV subtype B was the most prevalent in HIV-coinfected patients. There was no significant difference regarding nadir CD4+ T-cell count and HIV viral load when compared to coinfected with HCV-1 with HCV-3, as well as those co-infected with HCV-1a with HCV-1b. CONCLUSION: In the present study, a higher frequency of subtype B of HIV and HCV-1 were found in HIV-coinfected patients. Further larger-scale and long-term studies are needed to better understand the effect of HCV genotypes in HIV-infected patients.

Perfil dos genótipos do HCV e subtipos de HIV em pacientes coinfectados no Sul do Brasil / Profile of hcv genotypes and hiv-subtypes among hiv-coinfected patients in southern brazil

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B and C virus (HBV and HCV) are the two most common infections among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. OBJECTIVE: To identify the frequency of HIV subtypes and HCV genotypes in HIV-coinfected patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional and retrospective study was carried out into two reference centers in Southern Brazil between January 1, 2002 and June 30, 2016. The Abbott Real Time HCV Genotype II system was used for routine diagnostics to determine the HCV genotype based on dual-target real-time PCR. Proviral HIV-1 RNA was extracted from serum samples and fragments of the pol gene were generated by PCR. The HIV-1 PT and RT gene sequences were submitted to Maximum Likelihood Phylogenetic analysis by collecting reference sequences from the HIV-1 group M subtype of the Los Alamos database. RESULTS: During the study period, 3340 patients with HIV were diagnosed at both referral centers, of which 4.97% (166/3340) had HBV and/or HCV coinfection. Seroprevalence of HIV-HBV, HIV-HCV and HIV-HBV-HCV was 37.4%, 58.4%, and 4.2%, respectively. HIV-HCV-coinfected patients had a lower median nadir CD4+ T-cell count when compared to HIV-HBV-coinfected patients (P=0.01). Among those coinfected with HCV, HCV-1 (HCV-1) and HCV-3 (HCV-3) genotypes were the most prevalent, being detected in 73.8% and 21.4%, respectively. Among the HCV-1 coinfected patients, 79.3% and 20.1% had subtypes 1a and 1b, respectively. HIV subtype B was the most prevalent in HIV-coinfected patients. There was no significant difference regarding nadir CD4+ T-cell count and HIV viral load when compared to coinfected with HCV-1 with HCV-3, as well as those co-infected with HCV-1a with HCV-1b. CONCLUSION: In the present study, a higher frequency of subtype B of HIV and HCV-1 were found in HIV-coinfected patients. Further larger-scale and long-term studies are needed to better understand the effect of HCV genotypes in HIV-infected patients.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Os vírus das hepatites B e C (VHB e VHC) são os causadores das duas infecções mais comuns entre os pacientes infectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV). OBJETIVO: Identificar a frequência dos subtipos do HIV e genótipos de VHC em pacientes coinfectados com HIV. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal e retrospectivo realizado em dois centros de referência do Sul do Brasil, entre 1º de janeiro de 2002 e 30 de junho de 2016. O sistema Abbott Real Time HCV Genótipo II foi utilizado para diagnósticos de rotina para determinar o genótipo do HCV com base na PCR em tempo real de duplo alvo. O RNA viral do HIV-1 foi extraído de amostras de soro e fragmentos do gene pol foram obtidos por PCR. As sequências do gene PT e RT do HIV-1 foram submetidas à análise filogenética por máxima verossimilhança através da coleta de sequências de referência do subtipo M do grupo HIV-1 da base de dados Los Alamos. RESULTADOS: Durante o período do estudo, 3340 pacientes foram diagnosticados com HIV em ambos os centros de referência, dos quais 4,97% (166/3340) possuíam coinfecção com HBV e/ou HCV. A soroprevalência de HIV-HBV, HIV-HCV e HIV-HBV-HCV foi de 37,4%, 58,4% e 4,2%, respectivamente. Pacientes HIV-VHC possuíam menor nadir de células T CD4+ quando comparados aos pacientes HIV-VHB (P=0,01). Entre os pacientes HIV-VHC, os genótipos VHC-1 e VHC-3 foram os mais prevalentes, sendo encontrados em 73,8% e 21,4%, respectivamente. Entre os coinfectados com VHC-1, 79,3% e 20,1% tinham subtipos 1a e 1b, respectivamente. O subtipo B do HIV foi o mais prevalente em pacientes coinfectados. Não houve diferença significativa em relação nadir de células T CD4+ e carga viral do HIV quando comparadas os coinfectados com o VHC-1 com o VHC-3, assim como, os coinfectados com HCV-1a quando comparados com o HCV-1b. CONCLUSÃO: No presente estudo, uma maior frequência do subtipo B do HIV e do VHC-1 foram encontrados em pacientes coinfectados com HIV. Outros estudos em larga escala e a longo prazo são necessários para entender melhor o efeito dos genótipos do HCV em pacientes infectados pelo HIV.

Hepatitis B prophylaxis in newborns: A cross-sectional study of 7-year attendance in a public hospital of Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Children with vertically transmitted hepatitis B virus develop chronic infection up to 90% of the time. This study aimed to verify the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in pregnant patients treated in a Brazilian public hospital and analyze the prophylactic measures in newborns. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted by collcting data in the electronic charts of patients who attended the obstetric and maternity departments, from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2016, and evaluating the results of pregnant women's HBsAg, prophylaxis in newborns, and clinical follow-up. The data were tabulated and analyzed using Microsoft Excel software. RESULTS: Among the 7,763 participating patients, 109 were reactive to HBsAg, and 3 were indeterminate. However, only 28 had correct information on HBV prophylaxis with the parturient and newborn in the chart, and only 16 completed the follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the HBsAg-positive pregnant women (75%) did not have prophylactic information in the charts, and almost 50% of the pregnant women and newborns who had appropriate prophylaxis did not return for medical follow-up. Failure of prophylaxis can promote vertical/perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus in newborns of mothers who are HBsAg positive.

Moderate prevalence of HIV-1 transmitted drug resistance mutations in southern Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Despite the advances in therapy, the occurrence of drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a major obstacle to successful treatment. This study aimed to characterize the genetic diversity and to determine the prevalence of transmitted drug resistance mutations (TDRM) between individuals recently or chronically diagnosed with HIV-1 from Paraná, Brazil. METHODS: A total of 260 HIV-1 positive antiretroviral therapy-naïve patients were recruited to participate on the study, of which 39 were recently diagnosed. HIV-1 genotyping was performed using sequencing reaction followed by phylogenetic analyses to determine the HIV-1 subtype. TDRM were defined using the Calibrated Population Resistance Tool program. RESULTS: The HIV-1 subtypes frequency found in the studied population were 54.0% of subtype B, 26.7% subtype C, 6.7% subtype F1 and 12.7% recombinant forms. The overall prevalence of TDRM was 6.7%, including 13.3% for recently diagnosed subjects and 5.9% for the chronic group. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of resistance mutations found in this study is considered moderate, thus to perform genotyping tests before the initiation of antiretroviral therapy may be important to define the first line therapy and contribute for the improvement of regional prevention strategies for epidemic control.

Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients in an HBV endemic area in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are a common cause of complications in liver disease and immunological impairment among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. The aim of this study was to assess the seroprevalence of HBV and HCV and their correlation with CD4+ T-cells among HIV-infected patients in an HBV endemic area. METHODS: A cross-sectional observational and retrospective study was carried out in a reference center in Southern Brazil between January 2005 and December 2016. Socio-demographic data were collected by using a structured questionnaire. Serological tests and analysis of CD4+ T-cell count levels were performed using standard procedures. RESULTS: The seroprevalence of HIV-HBV, HIV-HCV, and HIV-HBV-HCV coinfections was 3.10%, 3.10%, and 0.16%, respectively. At baseline, anti-hepatitis B surface and anti-hepatitis B core antigens were detected in 46.27% and 16.74% of HIV-monoinfected patients and in 31.25% and 21.86% of the HIV-HCV coinfected patients, respectively. The median CD4+ T-cell count at baseline in the HIV-monoinfected group was higher than that in the HIV-coinfected groups, but without statistical significance. The median CD4+ T-cell count and the CD4/CD8 ratio were significantly higher in HIV-HBV and HIV-HCV groups after 24 months of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) compared to the pre-cART values. When comparing patients with HIV-HBV and HIV-HCV on cART, CD4+ T-cell recovery was more rapid for HIV-HBV patients. CONCLUSION: Although the analyzed region was endemic for HBV, the prevalence of HIV-HBV and HIV-HCV coinfection was lower than the rate found in the general population of Brazil. HBV and HCV had no significant impact on CD4+ T-cell counts among HIV-infected patients at baseline.

Risk areas for hepatitis A, B and C in the municipality of Maringá, Paraná State, Brazil 2007-2010.

Viral hepatitis is a major public health problem in Brazil and worldwide. We retrospectively analyzed 338 cases of hepatitis A, B and C in Maringá, Paraná State from 2007 through 2010. The hepatitis A virus was present in 5.6% of the cases, hepatitis B in 44.7% and hepatitis C in 49.7%. Most of the patients affected were male (55.3%), white (79.6%) and had some primary education (42.9%). Of the 338 cases analyzed, 13.0% had comorbidities. The cases were concentrated in large-population census zones, but it was concluded that the spatial distribution of viral hepatitis in Maringá occurred randomly rather than show any regular pattern.

Impact of HBV and HCV coinfection on CD4 cells among HIV-infected patients: a longitudinal retrospective study.

INTRODUCTION: The impact of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection on CD4 cells in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is unclear. We aimed to examine the impact of HBV and HCV coinfection on CD4 cell count and CD4/CD8 ratio in adults with HIV. METHODOLOGY: We conducted a longitudinal retrospective study in Brazil between January 1, 2002, and June 30, 2016, including 205 patients with HIV monoinfection, 37 with HIV-HBV coinfection, 35 with HIV-HCV coinfection, and 62 with HIV-HCV (48 HCV genotype 1 and 14 HCV genotype 3). RESULTS: Median duration of follow-up was 2,327 (interquartile range: 1,159-3,319) days. An increased CD4 cell count and CD4/CD8 ratio over time was observed in all groups receiving combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Patients with HIV-HBV or HIV-HCV coinfection and those with HIV monoinfection, showed comparable CD4 cell counts and CD4/CD8 ratios during pre-ART. There was also no statistically significant difference in CD4/CD8 ratio between HIV-HBV or HIV-HCV coinfection groups and the HIV monoinfection group during follow-up on cART. However, CD4 cell counts were significantly lower in HIV-HCV patients than in HIV monoinfection patients during follow-up on cART. HIV patients with HCV genotype 3 coinfection showed significantly lower CD4/CD8 ratio during follow-up on cART than those coinfected with HCV genotype 1 coinfection. No statistically significant effect of coinfection was observed on the efficacy of cART. CONCLUSIONS: HIV-infected patients are more likely to show better immunological responses to cART when they are not coinfected with HCV.

Prevalence of HIV among older adults at a reference center in Southern Brazil / Prevalência do HIV em pessoas idosas de um centro de referência no Sul do Brasil / Prevalencia del HIV entre personas mayores en un centro de referencia en el Sur de Brasil

This study aimed to determine the prevalence rate of HIV in older adults. A cross-sectional study of 1,184 HIV-infected patients. In this group, 1,091 (92.15%) patients were aged < 60 years and 93 (7.85%) ≥ 60 years. The mean prevalence rate of HIV detected in the ≥ 60 years group was 1.66± 0.54 per 100,000 population (1.05± 0.43 in men and 0.61 ± 0.29 in women). The epidemiological profile of elderly patients with HIV was characterized by: males, low levels of schooling, white and heterosexual people.

RESUMO: Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a prevalência do HIV em idosos. Estudo transversal com 1184 pacientes infectados pelo HIV. Neste grupo, 1091 (92,15%) pacientes tinham idade <60 anos e 93 (7,85%) ≥ 60 anos. A prevalência média de HIV detectada no grupo ≥ 60 anos foi de 1,66 ± 0,54 por 100.000 habitantes (1,05 ± 0,43 nos homens e 0,61 ± 0,29 nas mulheres). O perfil epidemiológico dos idosos com HIV foi caracterizado por: homens, baixa escolaridade, brancos, heterossexuais.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la prevalencia del VIH en las personas mayores. Estudio transversal de 1184 pacientes infectados con el VIH. En este grupo, 1091 (92,15%) pacientes tenían una edad <60 años y 93 (7,85%) ≥ 60 años. La prevalencia del VIH en la rama de ≥ 60 años fue de 1,66 ± 0,54 por cada 100.000 habitantes (1,05 ± 0,43 en hombres y 0,61 ± 0,29 en mujeres). El perfil epidemiológico de las personas de edad avanzada con el VIH se caracteriza por: los hombres, bajo nivel de educación, blancos, y heterosexuales.

Exercise improves cytokine profile in HIV-infected people: A randomized clinical trial.

PURPOSE: Verify the effects of concurrent training on cytokines in people living with HIV under antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatment. METHODS: This was a blinded, parallel-group, clinical trial, where 49 participants, divided in two groups, either control group or concurrent training group, took part in the intervention. The control group performed recreational activities and concurrent training group participated of 16-week, 3 times per week of heart rate guided-aerobic plus resistance training for major muscular groups. Cytokines (interleukins 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) were measured before and after 16-week experimental period using flow cytometry. RESULTS: From 49 participants who took part in the intervention, 28 completed the program and had data analyzed. There was a significant interaction for IL-8, which increased for control group: 7.1±5.1 vs. 8.1±6.0 and a decrease for concurrent training: 8.0±4.4 vs. 5.4±2.3. In addition, magnitude-based inference showed a likely beneficial effect for the training group when compared to the control group for IL-8, IL-5, and IL-10. The difference perceptual: mean and [CI 90%] between delta of difference within groups was -43.1 [-64.0 to -10.0] and -6.6 [-14.7 to 2.3], respectively. CONCLUSION: Short-term exercise is able to decrease the levels of IL-5, IL-8, and IL-10 in HIV-infected people undergoing ART.

Soroprevalência de citomegalovírus em HIV positivos em um centro de referência no Brasil / Serum prevalence of cytomegalovirus in HIV patients in a reference center in Brazil

O Citomegalovírus (CMV) é um vírus oportunista que causa altos índices de morbidade e mortalidade em pacientes portadores de HIV. O objetivo desse estudo foi estimar a soroprevalência do CMV em pacientes infectados pelo HIV. Estudo de corte transversal realizado em prontuários de pacientes infectados pelo HIV, atendidos em um centro de referência no Sul do Brasil, entre 2005 a 2014. A soroprevalência de HIV-CMV foi de 63,98%, sendo significativamente maior em pacientes pertencentes às faixas etárias de 30-39 anos (Odds ratio (OR) 4,3; 95% IC 1,29-14,58; p=0,02) e ≥ 40 anos (OR 4,8; 95% IC 1,4-16,3; p=0,01). Contagens de células T CD4+ e níveis de carga viral do HIV não mostraram associação estatística entre os grupos com sorologia positiva e negativa para CMV. Nossos achados reportam alta prevalência de HIV-CMV na região e as faixas etárias entre 30-39 e ≥ 40 anos estiveram associadas à infecção por CMV.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an opportunist virus causing high mortality and morbidity rates in HIV patients. Current analysis estimates serum prevalence of CMV in HIV patients by means of a transversal study on the clinical charts of HIV patients attended at a reference center in the south of Brazil, between 2005 and 2014. HIV-CMV serum prevalence reached 63.98%, significantly higher in patients within the 30-39 age bracket (Odds Ratio (OR) 4.3; 95% IC 1.29-14.58; p=0.02) and ≥ 40 years (OR 4.8; 95% IC 1.4-16.3; p=0.01). Cell counts T CD4+ and levels of virus load of HIV failed to show any statistic association between groups with positive and negative serumology for CMV. Results show high prevalence of HIV-CMV in the region and within the age bracket 30-39 and ≥ 40 years associated with infection by CMV.

Prevalência dos genótipos do vírus da hepatite C na macrorregião noroeste do estado do Paraná, Brasil / Prevalence of genot ypes of hepatitis C virus in the north-western macro-region of the state of Paraná, Brazil

A prevalência da hepatite C apresenta elevada amplitude devido a grande diferenciação genotípica. Neste estudo, foi possível verificar os genótipos do HCV em portadores de hepatite C crônica na macrorregião noroeste do Paraná. Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal, no qual foram levantados os dados laboratoriais dos pacientes atendidos em um laboratório de análises clínicas de agosto de 2013 a outubro de 2015. Além de verificar a distribuição dos pacientes portadores crônicos do HCV quanto ao sexo e faixa etária, também a distribuição geográfica dos genótipos do HCV de acordo com a área de abrangência de atendimento do laboratório; os resultados foram comparados aos da literatura. Das 348 amostras, 210 (60,3%) eram do genótipo 1 (p < 0,05), 101 (29,0%) do 3 (p < 0,05), 21 (6,0%) do 2, 1 (0,3%) do 4, 1 (0,3%) do 5 e 12 (3,4%) de indeterminados. Das cidades estudadas, as que apresentaram maior detecção de hepatite C foram: Maringá (112 casos/32,2%), Cascavel (59 casos/17,0%), Paranavaí (37 casos/10,6%) e Umuarama (22 casos /6,3%). Sendo assim, os genótipos mais prevalentes foram 1, 3 e 2. Os homens foram os mais afetados e a faixa etária de maior detecção foi entre 40 a 50 anos.

The prevalence of hepatitis C is wide due to great differentiation of genotypes. Current study verifies HCV genotypes in patients with chronic Hepatitis C in the northwestern microregion of the state of Paraná, Brazil. Current transversal study analyzed laboratory data of patients attended to in a clinical test laboratory between August 2013 and October 2015. Study verified the distribution of patients suffering from chronic HCV according to gender and age bracket and to the laboratory attendance range. Results were compared with those in the literature. Results showed that 210 (60.3%) out of 348 samples belonged to genotype 1 (p<0.05), 101 (29.0%) to 3 (p<0.05), 21 (6.0%) to 2, 1 (0.3%) to 4, 1 (0.3%) to 5 and 12 (3.4%) undetermined. The cities with the highest detection of Hepatitis C were: Maringá (112 cases/32.2%), Cascavel (59 cases/17.0%), Paranavaí (37 cases/10.6%) and Umuarama (22 cases /6.3%). Most prevalent genotypes were 1, 3 and 2, with males as the most affected and the greatest occurrence was featured within age bracket 40 ­ 50 years.

Perfil epidemiológico e imunológico de idosos infectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana / Epidemiological and immunolgical profile of elderly patients infected with the human immuno deficiency virus

O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever as características epidemiológicas, clínicas e imunológicas referentes à contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ e CD8+ de pacientes idosos positivos para o vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) assistidos no Serviço de Atendimento Especializado em DST/Aids (SAE) do município de Maringá, Paraná. O estudo caracteriza-se como uma pesquisa retrospectiva de caráter descritivo, que teve como fonte de coleta de dados os prontuários do SAE. Foram analisados 85 prontuários, dos quais 43 (50,58%) eram de indivíduos do sexo feminino e 42 (49,41%) do sexo masculino. A maioria dos idosos era da raça branca, encontrava-se na faixa entre 60-65 anos, apresentava baixo nível de escolaridade, fazia uso da terapia antirretroviral (TARV) há mais de cinco anos e já havia experimentado um ou mais de seus efeitos adversos. Houve associação apenas entre o sexo e as variáveis situação laboral e estado conjugal. Com relação à função imunológica analisada pela contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ e CD8+, observou-se que o número dessas células no sexo feminino, entre os anos de 2006 e 2008, foi maior que no masculino, embora sem diferenças significativas. (AU)

The present study aimed to describe the epidemiological and immunological characteristics relating to count lymphocyte count CD4+ T cell and CD8+ Older HIV-positive patients monitored by the Specialized Care Service (SCS) of the Municipal Clinic of Sexually Transmission Diseases (STD) of Maringá, Paraná. The study is a retrospective study of descriptive and qualitative-quantitative nature, which had as a source of data collection, the records of the SCS of Maringa, Parana. Altogether 85 records, of which 43 (50.58%) were women and 42 (49.41%) were men were analyzed. Most patients were of white race/color, were in the range between 60-65 years and had a low level of education. Most patients were between 6-10 years making use of antiretroviral therapy and have already experienced one or more adverse effects. There was only the association between sex and epidemiological variables employment status and marital status. With respect to immune function assessed by counting CD4 + and CD8 + lymphocytes was observed that the number of these cells in females, between the years 2006 and 2008 was higher than in males, but no significant differences. (AU)

Perfil epidemiológico e imunológico de idosos infectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana / Epidemiological and immunolgical profile of elderly patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus

O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever as características epidemiológicas, clínicas e imunológicas referentes à contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ e CD8+ de pacientes idosos positivos para o vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) assistidos no Serviço de Atendimento Especializado em DST/Aids (SAE) do município de Maringá, Paraná. O estudo caracteriza-se como uma pesquisa retrospectiva de caráter descritivo, que teve como fonte de coleta de dados os prontuários do SAE. Foram analisados 85 prontuários, dos quais 43 (50,58%) eram de indivíduos do sexo feminino e 42 (49,41%) do sexo masculino. A maioria dos idosos era da raça branca, encontrava-se na faixa entre 60-65 anos, apresentava baixo nível de escolaridade, fazia uso da terapia antirretroviral (TARV) há mais de cinco anos e já havia experimentado um ou mais de seus efeitos adversos. Houve associação apenas entre o sexo e as variáveis situação laboral e estado conjugal. Com relação à função imunológica analisada pela contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ e CD8+, observou-se que o número dessas células no sexo feminino, entre os anos de 2006 e 2008, foi maior que no masculino, embora sem diferenças significativas.

The present study aimed to describe the epidemiological and immunological characteristics relating to count lymphocyte count CD4+ T cell and CD8+ Older HIV-positive patients monitored by the Specialized Care Service (SCS) of the Municipal Clinic of Sexually Transmission Diseases (STD) of Maringá, Paraná. The study is a retrospective study of descriptive and qualitative-quantitative nature, which had as a source of data collection, the records of the SCS of Maringa, Parana. Altogether 85 records, of which 43 (50.58%) were women and 42 (49.41%) were men were analyzed. Most patients were of white race/color, were in the range between 60-65 years and had a low level of education. Most patients were between 6-10 years making use of antiretroviral therapy and have already experienced one or more adverse effects. There was only the association between sex and epidemiological variables employment status and marital status. With respect to immune function assessed by counting CD4 + and CD8 + lymphocytes was observed that the number of these cells in females, between the years 2006 and 2008 was higher than in males, but no significant differences.